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Crime control is one of the most important issues in any society. Death penalty is a way to discourages people murdering. It has pros and cons that need to be taken into cosideration. As crimes are one of the main subject of each government programs, they always are looking for a way to deduce it. Capital punishment not only stops people commiting offences, but also is a form of revenge for those who lost their family in this way; moreover, offenders are not able to pose a threat to others. On the other hand, there are those who subscribe the view that capital punishment is not a good deterrent and they have their reasons, one of which is we have no right to take other human’s life, for instance, there are always mistakes in judgement that lead to executing innocent people. Beside, inspite public viewpoint, statistics shows that severely punishment does not reduce crime rate in metropolitans. All in all, we are not able to decide for other’ life, capital punishment the more make fear of commiting crimes in criminals, the more making violent in a society over time. Missa Davoudi

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Discussion We begin by studying the themes derived from interviews altogether. In the following, we try to interpret and understand the structural relationship between the concepts and themes acquired. The Final outcome, which is considered to be the main achievement of this research is a network of concepts which have been associated together structurally and functionally. This network of communications that has a processoriented state could be the explanation of how consciousness acts when it confronts confronting a thing. This claim undoubtedly does not represent a generalized and inclusive achievement, but it can be the basis for future research into the consciousness theorizing in a middle level outlook. : دیاگرام ارتباط ساختاری- کارکردی مفاھیم5-9جدول منبع: نگارنده As the diagram shows, the process is initiated by the moment of confrontation so that consciousness faces a thing. We discern this moment drowned in disagreement and confliction in a way that pushes consciousness to start the cognition process with by edging the concept received. Here understanding two categories, that is: inside and outside, becomes vital. This means that a personimagines a natural description in his mind (somehow like the tactile feeling of body ‘s boundaries) and finds himself in the middle of the other. Now consciousness beginsinitiate to evaluate the concept in order to determine the position of it itself in respect of the concept. Ironically, this assessment ‘s process is ushered by “self” and based on this “self” so that . So that, it put takes an indescribable effort to define the realm of concept by the means of recognizing the source of the concept and understanding the concept itself, to sifts insiders and outsiders eventually. This is where the ontological context of the mind plays the a complementary role for the sentence of consciousness and induces a particular ontological property to concepts. In the sense that if the concept was a friend and an insider, then it has an inherent value, otherwise it is an instrument, a function and of course a changeable one. In this path, dogmatic ideology will help and ease consciousness from evaluation of its evaluation. Simply put: "insiders are valuable. Therefore, they are eternal in the nature of every human being, and on the contrary, outsiders are contractual and variable in terms of circumstances." In this way, consciousness in a process-oriented realization (which separates priori from secondary) finds itself as a priori force. So that, with all that has gone, it seems that consciousness should provide the basis of action and help a person to make and take decision in a particular situation. Judgment summary: “ If there was an insider, accept it and stick to it, if not you do pass it and in a few cases contrast it." In the following, the dominated state of consciousness will be revealed. Acceptance will be accompanied by passivity itself. Approximately it can be said that passivity impose a kind of objectivity to the person who accept the concept I a way that is said above. This is not a matter of worthiness or not of course. In my opinion in this state mechanical and automatic knowledge will be activated. That is to say algorithms will be used here and only reaction takes the role and action will go off the scene. In other state, passage leads the person to a vacuum. I call this the suspended state of consciousness in the sense that we can see the indefatigable effort ofconsciousness to eliminate friction between itself and the outside. Rarely confrontation lead consciousness to contemplative struggle and we see a promising entrance of consciousness to where we name it active part of itself. Here the subject go through its authoritive thinking and releases its objective state. Therefore, on the one hand, we are witnessing a return to recognition of the emition sources of the concept, so that objective knowledge can be obtained from the outside and passive consciousness is consolidated. On the other hand, subjective consciousness goes to cosset itself to outlook its content and analyze it subjectively. It is worth noting that all of them are based on the inner tendencies of the individual. These tendencies are self-oriented as researcher finds out. It is possible to imagine the fear of insecurity as a result of the intense and insanely fear of chaos and insanity for a socialized human, as well as of the endless interest in order and organization. It is the story of a person who fears that his rights get violated and try not to lose his/her interests. This would indicate a deep and intense tendency toward "self". Ultimately, social consciousness will undertake the task of fixing concepts in the minds of the people of a society. Generally, in the case of acceptation, internal respect would be highlighted and otherwise supervision will be the main force to adhere consciousness in what should be and what is not to be.

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Some people believe that a good way to reduce crime is longer sentences. Others may think there are alternative ways to this problem. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. F rom time immemorial, judicial administrations of justice all around the world have been utilizing imprisonment as the penalty for those who have been found guilty of a crime. In this vein, longer jail sentences have been opted for more due to its seeming effects on deterring various minor offenses and major crimes. Some people believe that according to many research, using longer sentences has led to fall the crime rate dramatically. They claim that since more detention is associated with substantial reduction in crime, so it can play a role in preventing the crime. For instance, the number of cyber attacks occurring on a daily basis has plummeted drastically since the regulations were put forward. On the other hand, many argue that such reactions are both unrealistic and inapplicable in today’s world. Notwithstanding tough punishments for criminals, the idea of breaking the law has never ceased. Therefore, there always lies the chance of crime if the situation forces the vulnerable individuals. Meaning that as long as there is need to commit a crime, there is possibility of happening it. To solve such problems, it seems inevitable to take more rational ideas such as proper education or involuntary work into considerations. So, one may guarantee the endangered individuals are exposed to enough opportunities and knowledge of the consequences of a criminal lifestyle before being harshly encountered.In conclusion, we can say both views have their own proponents. Therefore, each judicial system should decide based on the existing circumstances, because it seems irrational to adopt same approach for all the countries.

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Explain some of the ways in which humans are damaging the environment. What can government do to address these problems? What can individual people do? People are responsible for some of the damaging to the environment. We should take responsibility to solve these problems. This essay will discuss both government and individual measures to address these issues. Two great threat of environment which comes with people are air pollution and waste. Gas emissions from factories and exhausted fumes from vehicles can lead to air pollution. As the population is growing the production of waste is rising as well, by using goods such as bottles, plastic etc. insisting on to this trend can have a devastating problem to the earth planet in the future. So that, all the people should be aware about the consequences of their harmful activities against the environment. The government has responsibility to eliminating these problems by enforcing appropriate laws. For example introduce green tax of gas emission for factories or encouraging companies to use renewable energy resources in order to reduce the air pollution because the ingredients of fossil fuels spread contaminant to the air. Furthermore, providing encouragement facilities for citizens to reduce home waste such as dividing litter from home policies. Finally, promoting public knowledge about global warming and the effects of that could be used as preventive solution. On the other hand, individual people have dominant role in damaging environment. They can contribute to reduction of air pollutant by using more public transportation instead of driving. Besides, they can use commodity with less packaging or some shopping centers suggest renewable bags, so it can be used instead of plastics. At least people can use more variety of plants in their home, gardens or even at work which, not only has positive visual effects but also can contribute to fresh air. In a nutshell, both government and individual people must play their part in looking after the environment.

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In many places, new homes are needed, but the only space available for building them is in the countryside. Some people believe it is more important to protect the countryside and not build new homes there. What is your opinion about this? In many parts of the world people are suffering from lack of a suitable place to live. This leads to officials let people destroy the green areas outside cities to house the ever- growing population in large cities. While many consider this a positive step in urban development, I personally, believe the urban sprawl can inversely affect our physical and mental health. This short essay elaborates on my viewpoints regarding this controversial topic along with relevant examples. The provision of suitable accommodation is one of the main concerns amongst people living in almost all large cities. Coping with such a widespread problem, residential complexes are built in the countryside in many parts of the world. I, personally, believe this is simply a temporary remedy for such a significantly complicated problem especially in the developing countries where the facilities are concentrated in metropolises mostly. In other words, not only are these constructions ruining the green belt of our cities, but it also invite more people from villages to these newly built residential areas. The more facilities are built in metropolises, the more people leave their lands and come to larger cities. The constructions in countryside has destructive impacts on natural environment (as well). The vegetated zones outside big cities play a significant role in purification of polluted air in metropolises. Looking for fresh air, people in large cities more than often spend their time in natural vegetated zones out of cities to inhale their lungs with fresh clean air. Only when we preserve the environment in a large cities can we expect economic growth by healthy work force. By way of conclusion, I opine that the negative impacts of construction in the countryside far outweigh its drawbacks. Although (vertical and horizontal) expansion of cities to the countryside may seem a temporary solution for home shortage I hold the idea that this will face civilians with more complicated health related problems sooner or later.

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Some people believe that it is good to share as much information as possible in scientific research, business and the academic world. Others believe that some information is too important or too valuable to be shared freely. Accessing to knowledge-based data effortlessly, today, have many its advocates. They think that through it the equality can be attainable anywhere in the world among all humans. Some, however, disagree with them since they strongly believe that there are many sensitive information and they should not be available for everyone which can be abused in some ways to endanger world safety. On the one hand, some argue that freely information flow and equal access to the data have crucial role in having a world where no longer is the equality an ephemeral dream. Therefore, many races about improving knowledge in purpose of dominating the world economically or militarily can fade away. Moreover, many of those data have been generated by many individuals who live in another country, so they do not belong to a specific country and it should be published to be reachable for everyone. Thus, not only can this approach that only the mother country should have the privilege of obtaining them deepen unbridgeable gap among people throughout the world, but also it may cause racial discrimination due to domination of information superiority. On the other hand, some say that publishing data irrespective of their both sensitivity and value is a seemingly unreasonable decision. When some sensitive knowledge are accessible to everyone, it can pave the way for many terrorists who can use the information for many evil purposes, thereby threatening global security. Therefore, consideration of their classification seems to be inevitable. Furthermore, countries’ investment in such advancements should be taken into account. They spend, in some cases, extreme amount of money on developing science, so it makes sense that they are not eager about sharing their data. Consequently, although publishing/flowing information freely can eliminate many injustices in the world, their classifications should be taken into consideration. Therefore, for guaranteeing world security, denying the world some data seems to be defensibly proper determination.

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Sanaz Namdar Topic: Some people believe that a good way to reduce crime is longer sentences. Others may think there are alternative ways to this problem. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Although considered a leading method shunning offensive manner, the overlong imprisonment is not affirmed by all views. The opponents of this view express some smoother solutions as to how society can confront with culprits. In my opinion, both of these notions are equally important as there needs to be moderation when it comes to rebellious members of society. The issue of offences carrying heavy sentences despite pursuant to the severity of their crime has compelling justifications. The long term period of conviction provides culprits with unique opportunities to rehabilitate themselves. Now that convicts have to fare their lengthy sentences, they can develop their characters from social outcasts into beneficial members. Moreover, heavy sentences can embody an example to society in order to eschew a growing sense of lawlessness experienced nowadays. That is to say, this draconian punishment serves as a deterrent to those prone to commit the crime. On the other hand, through drawing a comparison between advantages of long term conviction period and those of other ubiquitous solutions, investigating and perusing further measures is worth considering. Field research and statistics suggest that non-custodial sentences such as community services and educational programs can lower the felony rate. The former ideal gives chances to offenders to affect their environment positively and foster the healing process. The latter leads to arouse the public awareness toward seriousness and consequences of criminality. The more conscious the people, the less crime growth rate society witnesses. In addition, these steps obviously can assist in managing, within a limited budget, otherwise costly prisons.In conclusion, there are some various views about the preventive measures influencing crime rate. However, some insist on the effectiveness of imprisoning albeit for long time. I presume that heavy sentences or other solutions should be given equal consideration.

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many people believe that the use of new technology improves lives of employees. Others think it is a disadvantage for them. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Although the increasing use of up-to-date figures facilitates our lives, especially of those people who work in large factories, some opine that, it has negative effects on their life. First and foremost, with the advent of new technology, employees enable perform their jobs from their home or anywhere else that is named “Work From Home”. As a result, people are no longer required to commute to their work place ,and carry out their daily routine hob. Moreover, the lower the number of cars travel, the lower air pollution from traffic fumes we have. Last but not least, people get more opportunities to spend face time on their family members. However, that working is time consuming is undeniable whether in home or in the office. In my estimation, new technologies pave the way for people to spend more quality time with their beloved one's. On the other hand, the flipside of this is efficiency of an employee's work. To put it simply, due to the fact that they are not under supervision, some of whom do their careers carelessly. In addition, the evolution of high-tech has disadvantages. A case in point, … dependence upon new technology. Besides, man no longer needs to think. Even if the calculation is a good invention, man no longer makes mental calculation and no longer works in his memory. From my point of view, technology and its effect on modern society are faced society with unemployment. In some areas, devices can replace the human mind. In conclusion, if utilizing modern technology is used properly, it can be a great solution, particularly in dangerous situations. Despite its merits, it has some directly negative influence on our society which incumbent on both us and governments to tackle this issue.

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Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation (buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. People hold varying opinions as to how the governmental monetary resources should be allocated for the transportation purposes. Whereas some argue that the greater proportion of budget should put on public transport, it seems to me that the road and highway improvement is more crucial. On the one hand, there are several reasons why the public transport needs to be improved. Firstly, a greater number of citizens are using them. Owning and maintaining a personal car, ordinarily, involve a wide variety of extortionate costs such as gas, insurance, to name just a few. Considering these expenditures, far more people would rather commute to work and travel around with cheaper options like buses, tubes, or trains. Moreover, the traffic congestion in megacities, in which usually overrun by cars, has been a source of frustration for both city councils and residents. By developing a well-integrated and reliable public transport system, not only do more people feel satisfied, but also authorities would have less seemingly insurmountable consequences such as pollution to deal with. On the other hand, it is even more important for the government not to overlook the centeral role of infrastructures like roads and highways. For many less populated rural cities, highways are considered the only option for both travelling to big cities and going around in their own cities. Furthermore, the majority of agriculture produces are either farmed or bred in these areas, and they need to be transferred to big cities on a daily basis. Clearly, the whole process would not smoothly operate, unless the government invests sufficient money in highways development. Last but not least, constant safety checks of the current roads is a matter of importance. The safer the roads became, the less accidents we would have; as a result, we would witness less human toll on roads. In conclusion, although I understand the importance of a well-designed public transport system in big cities, I am holding on to the view that the roads and highways improvement would be of more benefit to the populace.

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Some people think that parents should plan their children’s leisure time carefully. Other people believe those children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time, Which idea do you agree with? Give reasons for your choice. When I was younger I would definitely have said it is children’s exclusive right to decide for their time off but now I think in a different way. Actually I believe that children’s choices have a direct impact on their future and their parents play a key role in their choices. Parents can find out their kids distinctive talents by taking them to the various activities so parents decide for their kids spare time in order for them to lead a successful life. In recent years there has been an increase in playing video games which has become a huge part of a kid leisure time. Despite so many hobbies we have now days, a vast majority of our kids go after playing video games. Although playing computer games are not that beneficial, they are really entertaining and amusing so kids shouldn’t be made to leave aside video games completely. They just need to play video games in moderation. On the other hand, we have some people who believe that children should plan their own free times and they must not do activities despite themselves because it is a waste of time. This group reckon that one of the important needs of children in every decades, is playing and it is up to them to decide about their free time and enjoy it. In conclusion, parents should always remember that their child is an independent human and the only thing they allow to do is to show their child the way of success and leave her/him free to make their own decision.