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The diagram below shows the stage and equipment used in the cement‐making process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes. The diagram illustrates the steps of cement and concrete production from the raw materials. A glance at the diagram pictures that a series of steps need to be taken before concrete is produced. The schema depicts that five different phases of cement production. Initially, limestone and clay are ground diminish by a crusher and then the a mixture of them will be guided into the mixer. After that, the powder of clay and limestone flow to the rotating heater in order to get exposed to by fire flame. Now the compound is in the form of paste. In the next step, the paste is going to being blended by grinder. Finally, the cement is packed and marketed for selling and also utilized in concrete production. Respectively, the ratios of cement (15%), water (10%), sand (25%) and gravel (50%) will be combined with each other in a concrete mixer in order to make a concrete from cement. Overall, these two diagrams differ (vary) in the number of production stages. Further, we should consider the prices proportion of materials in producing concrete. In addition, the mechanism of cement production is more complicated harder than (is more formidable) the concrete production. (you had better not discuss the price)

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Test 2‐ Writing task 2‐ Fixed punishments for each type of crime. Generally, there is a punishment for every type of crime but the quarrel over penalties or their qualities was never ended between those who defend the fixed punishment for crimes theory and those who disagree and propose lenience for some criminals. Most lawyers claim that if penalties for illegal and cruel actions are defined clearly, then there will be no need for to courts and criminals will taste the consequences of their guilt sooner than they expected. And besides, for people who have has a tendency for illegal actions, it will indicates a remarkable preventative result. Meaning that if people know knew they will forfeit their rights and positions maybe they think more before acting criminally and ordinary people will be more cautious in their operations. On the opposite side, mostly advocates state that there are reasons for any illegal action and it is important to eliminate the motives motivations for every single case. Then it is necessary to discuss stimulants at the time that offence guilt was happened. Also the mental state situation of the accused must be considered and the final sentence should be imposed considering/heeding/taking into account caring all the circumstances. In fact the punishment should fit the crime. If all terms discussed maybe the culprit didn't seem as guilty as the first look and this will help them to rehabilitate /return to society easily after they served their term/ended their punishment. In my opinion, although there must be a basis for define penalties for every crime but it is better to consider the situation of the perpetrator at the time the felony guilt happened and make some changes for punishment on in one condition that this stringency or leniency did not motivate people to do criminal actions. In conclusion, it is useful to have clearly defined punishment for illegal activities, but if it has not wrecking effect on bad feeling of people about the crime guilt some mercifulness or in some cases tightness in punishments can be considered.

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The widespread use of the internet has brought many problems. What do you think are the main problems associated with the use of the web? What solutions can you suggest? Nowadays, in this technologically driven world, you can barely find anyone who is not familiar with the concept of the internet. In my country, Iran, except some senior citizens, almost everyone has access to it. As far as scientific science is concerned, using the internet has some drawbacks. According to the facts and figures released by the Research Center of Tehran University , one of these problems is are related to the false information which can be found on it. Secondly, it has the potential to ruin ruins so many genuine cultures through by the fact of the global culture. Also making people away from reading books and giving them a shallow knowledge are also other inevitable effects. A vast majority of experts are of the belief that day by day people are becoming less informed informative. I believe this is exactly due to the fact that their knowledge becomes shallower. Also, they simply accept everything regardless of its validity (being true or not). In fact, the internet is a great source of information, but people should be skeptical about whatever they find. Furthermore, being so accessible, it can easily influenced people. People get exposed to the latest fashions and fads and no one can escape the effect of it. At this point, I would get the impression that it could have some destructive effects for the societies. I suppose it is both up to the governments and individuals to be aware and deal with its consequences in an effective way. Governments should allocate enough money to educate people, and people also should be wise enough in this regard. What it all comes down to is that using the internet like so many other tools has some disadvantages. Making people shallow minded and giving them false information are some of them. Also making them away from reading books is another one. But still there are so many ways to take the benefits of it while handling/managing meanwhile handle the problems as well.

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With the passage of time and the industrial development you can observe that the technology facilitates life. Although this these equipment help us, using it use of them causes new problems. A question which is the matter of concern is whether is modern times are better than our ancestral times (the time of our ancestors?)? I am, to a great extent of the opinion that modern time is a suitable place to life. To begin with, in our modern era, medicine helps us to be alive. Broadly speaking, the medical researchers have controlled recent epidemics. Many hospitals help patients ills and you can see a modern medical center in every far village. To be more specific from in my perspective public health is one of the most important of priorities in every society and the government must appropriates a sufficient/suitable budget for this section. Health insurances help us to pay surgical expenses and they must be economically until so that all of people can use them. Doctors with medical equipment check our bodies to be in healthy conditions. One striking example of these conditions is the rise rising in the longevity of people. Of equal importance is the fact that new machines do our daily works. ( with?)Standing at the turn of the new century, we observe the twentieth century as the machine century. We see many unimaginable tools such as cell phones, airplanes, the Internet and plenty of other innovations that we were not seeing in previous decades. No one can ignores satisfactions (that are) offered by technology. Washing Clothe washer machines and dish washers machines help us to do our works better and faster. Consequently, we are left with more leisure time to spend at will our free will. However, just as an English proverb goes, "Every coin has two sides", technology has hidden pitfalls such as air pollution and makeproduction of nuclear bombs by governments. To put it in a nutshell, we lead a much better life than our ancestors., to recapitulate the reasons, not only do we have we a large number of modern medical centers that help public health, but also many other productions such as cellphones and computers facilitate life. The following are treated as uncountable requiring singular verbs Equipment Machinery Information Luggage Baggage Furniture Advice News Knowledge

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Decades ago, broadeningdig your family'sies business was not a matter to cast doubt on, and people where much more likely to do as the same things their family did for a living as well. As time went by buy, peoplepoeple were more reluctant to do so and they have struggled sturggled with this for many years and now, as we see the majority of people choose their own ways. A decent subject to think of is whether that is it it is actually better for people to choose their own ways or not. From my vantage point, people having jobs like their parents might not have any advantages necessarily. I have reasons to support my claim among which difference in talent tallents or desires and the right to make choices, stand out and will be explained in the essay. The point I want to make herethe first point is that children are capable of having different talents tallents or have passion for paths much diverse from those their parents stepped in. I stand for the opinion that, achievement achivememnt to of success and satisfaction satisfactory, is closely dependent on one's prospering in one's his own unique role in this world. Talent and passion, I think, are two most important factors in this regard, and as I have mentioned, children might vary from their parents. As an example, I have seen many parents who were doctors, whose children became successful artists**. One of these cases was my very own friend, at first their parents led her to study inm medical school, but after two years she came out of the medical college and started taking painting courses. After two years she became a very successful painter. So following parents' way is not necessaerily helpful. The other reason I think having the same job as parents will not be key to one's success, is that every individual indevidual is born with the right to make choices for his life. Another matter that concerns the point of making choices, is taking responsibilities of choices. If people find their own way regardless of to what their parents does, in addition to passion and talent tallent, the other important factor in their success is that they must take them taking the responsibility for of the way they chose to step in. So in this way,I think they are committed to their path in a way away, and that would help them to go forward although many obstacles might arise happen to them in this path. All in all, as people are getting more aware these days, they are more eager to follow their own dreams. It can be easily foreseen that people by picking their interests and makeing efforts in those fields, societies socienties will be much more harmonious in a not too distant a future noy‐too‐distant‐futrue.

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Many people assume that the goal of every country should be to produce more materials and goods. To what extent do you agree or disagree that constantly increasing production is an appropriate goals? These days, providing more products for this burgeoning population is a controversy controversial challenge. Too many say, to meet this challenge, not only should each country raise their productivity in the terms of commodities expeditiously, but also it had better consider this to a principle aim. First of all, by increasing the productivity of a country unceasingly not only does it provide more job opportunities, but also facilitates lifestyle of people. In this respect, there are incontrovertible pieces of evidences that individuals in developed countries with a high rate of productivity have a more facilitated life rather than others. In addition, if this great amount of products can be retailed at a low price in some countries whose people are in poverty and famine or live in deplorable situation, the result of this philanthropicy action will be a cornucopia of pleasure which can disseminate around the world and emboldening other countries to take an example of this. Secondly, producing a lot of goods with low quality is to the detriment of the a reputation of a country. As a case in this point, although China produces a lot of commodities, some believe their brands are in a lower quality and would rather buy others brands belonging belonged to the Occident whose products have a higher quality. Therefore, if we have an intention of putting this aim in our priority of our country we should regard the quality. To sum up, this aim is apposite to our world if we struggle to make products with a better quality and donate some of them to poor countries.

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Levels of youth crime are increasing rapidly in most cities around the world. What are the reasons for this, and suggest some solutions. In this day and age, the rise in rising the number of uncontrolled youngsters who commit multitudes of crimes has become a crisis, by and large, all over the world. Many sociologists argue this social disorder has a direct correlation with both family and community condition. Furthermore, not only should we investigate the causes of this problem, but also find some practical solutions. To begin with, adolescents are more prone to disobey the family's rules due to their psychological and physiologic situation. Having said that, if parents cannot display suitable reaction to children's violence or cannot manage their behavior correctly, they may deviate from the right way and find other another means for releasing their energy out of the house which in turn can be conducive to dire consequences. In addition, availability of inappropriate entertainments for young people, like variety of drugs and drinks is another motivator to the happening of these types of behaviors. For instance, a host of reports regarding youth crimes are related to neighborhoods which comprise lower‐class families with illiterate parents as well as numerous criminal gangs. Solving these this serious problems, many administrations and authority figures have encouraged the media to broadcast educational programs about the correct means of raising children and preventing them from inappropriate friends through providing them with a reliable and trustworthy atmosphere in home and in family members' relationships. Another point that should be made here is stricter controls that families and governments have to place on deleterious activities/things for the young proportion of the populace, like movies and music which demonstrate criminal activities as attractions of life. In a nutshell, although the main culprit behind this problem is unsuitable circumstances and behavior of the family and society as a whole, they might be the only tools to reform the community and dissuade ing young people from going to hazardous ways as well.