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Car ownership has increased so rapidly over the past thirty years that many cities in the world are now ‘one big traffic jam’. How true do you think this statement is? What measures can governments take to discourage from using their cars? Do we need obtaining enough evidence to admit that traffic convict the car congestion nowadays existsed? Having cars on our own has become a comfortable option and a trend of our everyday life,. this is why our cities are changed to such bustle. From my perspective, governments are capable of persuading people not to use that this much of private vehicles by better alternatives and raising taxes,. in what follows I will discuss the matter in details. I would like to begin by pointing out that appropriate alternatives can be a solution at the heart of the matter , that is to say developing convenient public transport will encourage people to rethink whether to use their own cars or not. For example, by investing far much money on in subway trains or sky bus transporting systems with a higher pace, crossing travelling through the streets with heavy traffic will not be a major demand for citizens anymore. This is the way people would be persuaded into using more of public transportation in order not to waste their time and I am sure that this solution will leads many to get rid of passinges through car road congestion among in the streets. Furthermore, since freeways and streets are hardly getting widened and the core point is the nonbalanced proportion of vehicles and paths, governments should address the issue by imposing taxes to on whom those owning a car in order to prohibit people from purchasing far more cars ahead. All in all, the role of public awareness is undeniable, thus creating civic campaigns is another way for an infrastructural modification. To sum up, it seems that congestion of cars is prone to get worse day after day and unless the government try to overcome this issue by providing convenient enough public transport or makeapproving rigid legislation like taxes, no more bright future is waiting for coming generations.

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Some people think that employers should not care about the way their employees dress, because what matters is the quality of their work. To what extent do you agree or disagree? People have different views about the workplaces’ dress codes. Whereas, to a certain extent, I agree that in some organizations and professions people should be free to choose their apparel because they are expected to excel in their assigned tasks, I also think that, in some jobs, following a specific dress code should be mandatory. On the one hand, in some professions and companies, imposing any rules regarding how employees dress seems both irrelevant and unnecessary. For example, in successful technology companies such as Google, in which people’s job ordinarily does not involve any face to face interaction between third-party businesses or attending official meetings, not only do owners not have to care about people’s appearance, but also casual looks should be hugely promoted. Sitting most of their working day at a desk and in front of computers, employees are more likely to feel comfortable, thereby producing more work. Moreover, it this creates a more friendly environment. Being in these relaxed workplaces, people would communicate with each other and bond more easily, which results in a more satisfying work atmosphere, hence superior efficacy which the company intends to achieve. On the other hand, following an appropriate dress code is important for some jobs. Firstly, for people who are supposed to participate in official meetings and summits are it is crucial to wear either suits or any globally prestigious clothes specific to their country or culture. Taking part in official events, participants have to look professional and portrait portray a publicly acceptable image. For politicians, for instance, it is not acceptable to wear casually when meeting with their counterparts in international conferences. Secondly, in many cases it is not safe to wear normal clothes in a workplace. Many blue-collar workers are normally exposed to dangerous accidents while working with machines, and they would even risk their lives unless they wore special clothes designed for maximum safety. Finally, workers in many sectors, need to be recognized; for instance, whoever works in health centers, especially doctors and nurses, should wear white uniforms, which make them distinguishable by patients and other staffs.In conclusion, I agree that in some sectors we should not place too strict a constraint on people regarding their looks, for their work value is more important, yet I think for some professions the compulsory dress code has been of great benefit to these companies and people who are using their services.

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In some countries it is advisable that children begin formal education at 4 years old, while in others they do not have to start school until they are seven or eight. How far do you agree with either of these views? In some parts of the world, parents would like to encourage their children to learn englishEnglish, reading or writing in early ages. It can be fair if the child is passionate about it, because some children has have such these talents and enjoy these learningslessons, whether some children don’t like. There is a group of children who likes games, painting and other entertainments. They may be talented in these fields. We know learning math, writing, reading are is necessary in our life,. Therefore, children have to learn them either sooner or later. I think the best way is that children beare allowed to choose their approach in early ages which shows their abilities and talents. In my opinion, the best age for serious education is seven,. Also, earlier education doesn’t have too much affect effect in on children’s future.

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Some people claim that it is acceptable to use animals in medical research for the benefit of human beings, while others argue that it is wrong. Discuss both views and give your opinion. In contemporary life, there are numerous methods on how a medical research should be conducted or an in vivo experiment should be done. One of these ways is animal experimentation and using living beings in a medical research. Opinions diverge on whether this trend is acceptable or this is not unethical. Some people argue that when it comes to the human beings and what considered as beneficialt for them, there should not be any disagreement on using animals as an experiment model since the life of human beings is more important than that of animals. Besides, they also subscribe to the view that animals are the closest creature to humans and when scientists use this animals as test model, the result is much closer to what happens in the human body. For instance, there is a research showing that near 85 percent of experiments which has have been done by using animals, have positive results in human lives. Although using animals in experiments has such benefits, there are strong ethical issues that should be considered as well. Some other people strongly argue that using animals as a test model is against the animal rights as it is a concerning phenomenon. They rightly believe that their live life matters and using drugs and medicines on animals would undoubtedly make them suffer and brought bring about their demisethem to death. Moreover, humans do not have the right to ruin an animal’s life for their own benefit. Since there are numerous methods for developing medicines and testing, using animals is not acceptable. For example, a software program can simulate the human immune system and a medicine effects on it without involving animals suffering. Furthermore, there are some institutions which try hard to defend animal rights and ban this invasive trend. Considering all the facts above, it is rational to conclude that using animals in medicinal experiments can make them suffer and alsowhile there are more ethical methods to conduct researches, so. So this phenomenon is not acceptable as it is against their rights.

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Task1: you are planning to visit a foreign country. Write a letter to your friends and say - Where and when do you plan to go? - What are the details of your plan? - Why do you want them to go with you? Dear Mohammad and Sahand I hope everything is going well with you both. I am writing to inform you of my plan about an excitingement trip which I have organized. As you know, within a month the football world cup will be held in Russia, so I am going to go there and watch 3 matches of our national team. The exact date of my departure is on 21th of July to Saint Petersburg. I will stay one week there and then I will go to Kazan and after 3 days I will leave there to for Moscow, Totally 2 weeks. It is crystal clear that apart from the world cup event, there are many other touristm attractions in such a beautiful country. Therefore, during this journey I would will visit some ancient buildings especially one which is located on in the center of Saint Petersburg. Moreover, sightseeing and trying local foods as well as watching traditional dances of other visitors to Russia which the fans of other countries who would attend in this tournament will be amazing. I know that both of you are avid fans of soccer and I am sure that you will enjoy to watchwatching the matches in sport arena. Hence, I would be happy if you joined me, because spending times together for two weeks during this fascinating experience would be so enjoyable. I am looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible. Yours faithfully Saman Task2: In many countries the proportion of older people is steadily increasing. Some think this is good, while others believe this is a problem for a country. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Today, the population of old people has escalated dramatically compared with a half a century ago. Some consider it an all rightpositive achievement. However, the others believe that this issue would be a problem for society. In the following paragraphs I will compare two opposite sides and I will explain my own point of view as well.On the one hand, the advocates of such change are of this opinion that living longer than the past will give people a chance to experience much more events and to enjoy the time of their retirements more sufficiently. Moreover, the youngsters will benefit from the experiences as well as free times of their older counterparts during their lives. In other words, not only do are they enable to use using the old generations’ advicse but also they can leave their offspring with their grandparents during the work hours to treat care for them. On the other hand, the opponents claim that live living a life for a long time in essence is a good matter, but in a proper situation. In other words, anybody should notes that only a minority of such an old population are healthy and well , but many of them suffer from a variety of both physical and mental disorders. In addition, the expenses of their drugs are prohibitively expensive. Hence, annually government has to allocate a huge budget to afford such a high cost. Furthermore, sometimes the children or even grand children of this these elderly sick individuals have to leave their jobs to treat take care of/look after their grand parents or at least they need to hire a nursery that it would cost them much money to them too. In my estimation, it is true that living by itself is an enjoyable blessing, but’’ when you as an old man/ woman are able to afford your bare bones, also you are conscious enough to be aware of your surroundings understand yourself’’, otherwise your life is meaningless. To sum up, my idea is much closer to the second group of this essay and I believe that the cons of such development outweigh its pros.

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In many countries the proportion of older people is steadily increasing. Some think this is good, while others believe this is a problem for a country. Discuss both views and give your opinion. In recent years, the elderly population have has increased. This issue is debatable in several aspects that which has its own merits and disadvantages. Some, however, opine that this causes difficulties for a country. The first and foremost advantage of long lifespan is to have the opportunity enough to live with loved ones. In most of the time, we know that when someone lives longer, he they havehas invaluable experiences that he they can inherit forpass down to his their family. Secondly, it indicates that people have benefited from a decent life. To put it simply, they have a healthy lifestyle, in terms of either both nutritional or moral terms. For example, if we survey their lives, we will find out that they are so calm and patience patient people, hence their longevity. Last but not least, old age is usually linked with wisdom. In other words, a large number of people who are entrepreneurs is in this category. Most of them establish their own business in their middle ages. Not only do they create wealth for themselves and their belongingsfamily, but they also are beneficial for their communities, in that they offer others jobs. On the other hand, opponents believe that aged people impose costs on the government. Unfortunately, many of them have been left by their children, so governments must take their nursing costs. Other than that, by with an increaseing in the number of older people, communities are faced with shortage of workforces, especially skilled labors. Moreover, in this rapidly changing world, one of the strong points of the government strong point is their young nations that they can rely on their beneficial activities. In a nutshell, with the advent of science and technology, fatal diseases have reached its their minimum. Therefore, that communities are getting older is inevitable, but in my estimation, the benefits of long lifetime outweigh of the drawbacks.

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Some people claim that not enough of the waste from homes is recycled. They say that the only way to increase recycling is for governments to make it a legal requirement. To what extent do you think laws are needed to make people recycle more of their waste? Recycling becomes has become a controversial topic these days and it is absolutely it is an important step in preserving our environment. Some argue believe that is recycling per se is not enough of the trash from our homes and that the best method for encouraging more recycling is to make it a legal obligation. From my prospective perspective , the first step should be educating the public about the importance of recycling and then the legal steps should be taken to implement as a new law. Education is an important component of the recycling program., and it can lead many to choose to recycle without the need to make new recycling laws. Many people carelessly throw out paper and plastic products into trash buckets because they do not know the damage caused by this waste and about the technology which exists to make it reusable.when a person is cognizant of about the benefits of recycling on the planet and future, they strat start to change their ways that used to be .Such individuals will become examples for their friends and neighbors, and little by little, this can lead to creating a culture between them. Once people know why recycling is essential, a government can create laws that reward those who recycle . If individuals who recycle will be rewarded with lower taxes, it will reinforce the positive behavior, and they will encourage maintaining an environmentally friendly home, while . Whilst , those who keep throwing their garbage without an attempt to recycle should be fined a reasonable charge.As an example, the Austrian government successfully used a recycling system with the highest rate compared to out of any other country in the world that is estimated around 63 percent of all waste is diverted from landfills. In conclusion, although I believe that laws are necessary to make more people recycle their household waste, raising people's awareness of recycling is aslo also needed and can be more effective in some cases.

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In many countries the proportion of older people is steadily increasing. Some think this is good, while others believe this is a problem for a country. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Thanks to the advancement in medical science, out our lifespan have has significantly increased (prolonged) than thatcompared to of our ancestors. This leads to an increase in the rate of population in senior citizens in most parts of the world. While a large number of people have valid arguments to the contrary, I opine that over population in old generation does not have a negative impact on countries. This essay elaborates the pros and cons of this topic along with my own view in this regard. Statistics indicate that people are living much longer than before, and this consequently has brought about some problems in different levels. Those who believe senior citizens benefit society reason that aged individuals are full of experience who can conduct convey/transfer their invaluable experiences to the new generation. As the old saying goes” those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” This group claims that not only are seniors to the benefit of society, but they are also impressive leaders in a variety of areas. The more respect to for the senior citizens, the more prosperous a community. On the other hand, many are strongly against the aforementioned viewpoint believing that old generation is not beneficial to their community. They mostly analyze this issue from a financial point of view reasoning seniors’ costs are incumbent upon tax payers which is a clear burden on young generation. This situation becomes worse because of more and expensive requirements individuals need in old ages. Suffering from both physical and mental disabilities, senior citizens in such families do not do anything especial but waiting their death. That the world’s population is getting older and older is an undeniable fact, and I believe we have to find an effective solution for this issue. I am in favor of using old people in appropriate positions. Admittedly, there are certainly positions that are suitable for experienced, competent people who are in most cases in their 60s 60th or older. Obviously prosperous countries make the best of their resources, and senior citizens from my point of view are one of the priceless sections of the workforce work forces in every country..