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In recent years some countries have experienced very rapid economic development. This has resulted in much higher standards of living in urban areas but not in the countryside. This situation may bring some problems for the country as a whole. What are these problems? How might they be reduced? In this day and age, the increasing the rate of immigration from the countryside to main cities can be seen considerably compared to the past. The mentioned issue is a main problem which most of the countries are dealing with. First of all, job opportunity is a main factor which leads to people migrating from the countryside to the cities. Also, a high standard of living is another advantage which attracts people to the towns. This issue leads a large number of people to settle in cities which in turn causes traffic congestion and lack of housing and services in towns and cities. Besides, the people of rural areas provide the major proportion of the food supply for the cities, so moving to the cities and emptying the villages makes food production difficult and this problemwhich afflicts the country by famine. This is why the role of the villagers is important in this regard. Moreover, there is a sense that job opportunities and investments in cities help people to have better life compared to the people who live in rural areas. This issue renders the towns richer and the villages poorer which on a larger scale leads to creating income disparity in countries. The key to solving these problems lies with the government. For instance, imposing/levying higher taxes in cities compared to the rural areas with lower taxes is one of the solutions which can be implemented by government. However, this decision must be made wisely since this method should include more people with high incomes. Furthermore, improving the standards of living and the facilities in the countryside is another solution which can be doneadopted/implemented. So overall, I believe that time is ticking away for countries and any solutions to the immigration issue will take time to achieve.

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Governments should spend money on railways rather than roads. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Nowadays the worth of railways transportation and roads transportation sparks a controversy among city designers. In my view, spending more money on railways in countries is more valuable than spending this budget on roads. Below i I bring my reasons to support my statement. First and important foremost of my reasons is the environment. As we know, with thankful forthanks to a new technology to use an electricity instead of coal in railways, trains produce less green house gas while most of the cars in the world use fuels which are driven by an oil instead of clean energy. Secondly, there is more likely to have a traffic congestion on roads. In contrast, railways transportation does not seem to have this problem so this is an advantage for passengers. Additionally, railways is safer than roads according to government’s reports. The number of deaths/the mortality rate/death toll in railway accidents is approximately 50 times more than the death number in road accidents. Last but not least, roads construction costs governments a fortune, at least more than railways construction. On the other hand, roads could be easier more contributing in some mountainous regions, because train rails must be installed in flat lands and construction for railways are is too difficult in mountains. Plus, sometimes people prefer their own cars due to have privacy and other reasons. For instance, some people like to stop in on a the way and enjoy the spectacular view. In sum up, although governments should give the budget for both roads and railways construction, railways are more beneficial than roads not only for governments but also for people who use all kinds of transportation.

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Parents today are more involved in their children’s education than were parents in the past. Agree or disagree? In general, parents’ involvement in their kids’ education has a positive impact on their learning capacity development. Although nowadays parents help their children by their education issues, it is reduces being reduced day by day, so I disagree with the statement for three reasons. First, parents are busy with their own duties. Moreover, technology has made kids’ learning process much easier. Finally, the educational system has took taken these responsibilities off parents’ shoulders. To begin with, parents have no idea how their interactions with their youngsters in the educational area can improve their child’s learning capacity. Having said that these day parents are struggling with their own problems. A vast majority of them should work two or three jobs in order for their family to live a better life. At the end of the day when they are back from work there is no time left for them to get involved in their children’s education. My own experience is a compelling example of this idea. When I used to go to primary school my mom who was a house wife helped me with my school assignments, but with my little sister it was totally different. Because my mom found a job at that time she could not help my sister with her lessons. Secondly, parents’ joining in their children’s educational issues plays a key role in their learning capacity flourishment. Thanks to technological development which has made it easier for kids to solve their educational issues by searching on the Internet. Back then juveniles relied on their parents’ help for learning formulas or other lessons, but technological development has made students independent in comparison to their counterpart in the pastancestor counterparts. For instance, in the 20th century before the Internet came into wide access of kids, reaching new information was limited to parents-children interactions. After the Internet spread no longer did them they need their parents’ involvement for learning new lessons. Last but not least, being involved in our kids’ education is not only important, but necessary for them to overcome their educational problems. These days parents’ educational role has been replaced with schools and teachers. Kids spend great amounts of their time in schools with tutors and peers and learning from them instead of their parents is considered completely normal. For example, my cousin, who is an eight year old girl started learning foreign languages since she started primary school and her parents have passed the whole teaching responsibility on to her teachers. To cut a very long story short, the aforementioned points and examples have illustrated that I am not in favor of the statement. First of all, parents these days are so busy and cannot get involved in their kids’ education like the past. Second and third reasons are that technological development and schools help juveniles with their lessons and parents’ responsibility in this area has met a reduction. We can participate anticipate that parents’ involvement in this area would go down more and moreand we should try to slow its decreasing pace as soon as possible due to the fact that these interactions are eminent of importance in children’s life.

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Which one is better to increase your confidence? 1- Spend sufficient time to practice the presentation a lot before the meeting 2- Learn and practice techniques 3- Ask somebody who has experience about it Confidence is one of the integral parts of our success in each aspect of our life such as relationship, study, and work which should be improved day by day. There are many solutions to increase it. I personally believe that we have to apply techniques proved scientifically. In the following paragraphs, I will elaborate on my arguments. To begin with, some people maintain that mental issues like confidence are personal problems people themselves can cope with through trial and error. Conversely, in my opinion, psychologists’ duty is investing investigating humans’ mentality and without doubt, confidence is included in. psychological studies have found some solutions to this issue which can be applicable to most of the people. The point is that these studies have suggested various answers among which individuals can choose according to their conditions and personality. To this end, consulting with experts can produce the desired results. To put it simply, since self-confidence involves cognition and emotions, it requires expertise to maintain and raise it. Besides, I hold that taking advantage of others’ experiences can be an efficient way if we consider differences in characters. In other words, our personality and history play a vital role in our confidence. For instance, imagine one has grown up in a family who has always ignored his ability and success, the approach he should adapt adopt to improve his confidence should be different to the individual who has always been admired, since their mental state diverges from each other. Consequently, we cannot generalize our methods. However, others’ techniques cannot definitely be considered ineffective. In fact, we should derive benefit from their suggestions and customize them. To conclude, I opine that confidence is so decisive a factor in our life, so we should put effort into improving it. I personally believe that at the first step, this it is parents who should behave towards their children in a way that their self-assurance rises. Besides, due to the prospect of failures in our life, we should use psychological methods alongside other people’s advice, thereby retaining our selfconfidence.

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Some people think that the teenage years are the happiest time of most of people’s lives, while others believe that the adult life brings more happiness, in spite of greater responsibilities. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. In my opinion, mindset and insight of each individual have much of a role to play in their lifespan. In other words, every period of life for instance, teenage years or adulthood has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, anybody should manage their various situations in order to enjoy life perfectly. On one hand, in terms of responsibility, teenagers are not comparable with adults at all. Since merely parents are completely responsible to for provide providing financial items for their charges, children do not have any stress in this regard. Furthermore, not only are devoted parents financially supportive, but also their offspring are supported emotionally by them at those ages. However, adolescents are on the threshold of adult life, so they can start to work in order to experience responsibilities for their future. Besides, lovely and memorable school friendships are other main points which bring about happiness. On the other hand, on the psychological side, maturity in adulthood is an invaluable factor in life for everybody despite the huge amount of responsibilities responsibility of that period. I strongly believe that the mentioned maturity is obtained through the correct manner of nurture. In addition, new experiences such as working in a specific career are absolutely beneficial. In particular, those who have interest and enthusiasm forin performing their job are more prone to acquire novel professional skills which in turn leads to enhancing their abilities. Moreover, the work’s atmosphere and its challenges bring about more and more confidence by which everyone can always express their notions easily in each condition. Last but not least, my firm conviction is that satisfactory marriage is a precious experience of the mentioned period of life and has effective huge impacts on people’s characteristics.

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Do you agree or disagree with the following statement people today spend too much time on personal enjoyment-doing things they like to do - rather than doing things they should do . Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer . The question of how we should spend our leisure time has been debated for many years and this assertion is very notable for psychologists , sociologist and economists . I think your head is starting to spin a little . I pesonally suppose , in this decade people would rather doing things they like to do . I feel this is for some main reasons which i will explain in this essay . first of all , people today all around the world spend too many time working than before due to the economic situations . We have daily price fluctuations , wars , demand increase and etc ... . So , people have to work harder for supply their requirements that it is important for economists because of the economic cycles . My second point is that , nowadays because of the technology and smarthphones , people spend most of their free time with them and they are addictive that this is perilous for society since with utilization raise of the technology , teamwork and distance between people become decrease . I mean , emotional distance besaides , a sense of responsibilities responsibily to other persons turn into the less . Thereupone , society is depreessed that this part is related to sociologists . Another important point is that , when people not doing their personal enjoyment or doing things they like to do they get depressed and seem older than their age . that is why , sometimes they feel empty and useless that may be two reasons for suicide , so this is significant for psychologists . Now to finish up this point , people should doing things they like to do although it might be difficult for them , a happy life is more valuable than a luxurious life one . you must doing whatever you want because you will be born once and it will never be repeated .