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The advocates of international aid believe that countries have a moral obligation to help each other, while the opponents consider it unnecessary, because money is misspent by the governments that receive it. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. While many a person strongly believes that foreign aid as an ethical duty is incumbent upon all nations, others claim that owing to the probable corruption in less-developed countries, overseas aid is not an informed choice to help those in need. When it comes to this long-running debate, I hold that though financial assistance might be abused by corrupted officials, educational aids, vaccination, and construction of infrastructural facilities can be wise options. We are living in a world where a vast majority of people are suffering from hunger, lack of potable water, a standard place to live in, and enough education. it seems that we can make this world a better place to live if developed nations help others improve their standard of living. The World Health Organization as an international organization can educate people about the life-threatening diseases such as HIV, SARS, Covid-19, or unintended pregnancies. Implementation of water treatment plants is another correct choice to remember we still care about the populace in under-developed regions. On the other hand, the opponents of international aids, however, reason that these types of supports can be misused. A typical example confirming this hypothesis happened when a large earthquake struck Kermanshah in Somalia where earthquake-stricken people were living in the streets, and travel tents sent by the international organizations were available on in shopping malls, hence the inefficiency of such aids. Regrettably, we have to accept the bitter truth that gone are the days when people respected moral values. To draw a conclusion, I can say that considering the advantages of international aids besides the disadvantages, though tough to choose the form of help, we would had betterrather continue sending such priceless aids to people in need thereby creating a better, more humane world.

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People who travel to another country to live, work or study for a period of time often suffer badly from homesickness. Why is this? What are the best ways to reduce this problem? Throughout the globe, people always seek for better opportunities, in their career, education and in their daily life. Disappointed of getting what they believe is rightfully belongs to them in their motherland, some choose to immigrate or to study abroad, despite the fact it will be a challenging decision which affects every little aspect of their lives. It is widely accepted that travelling to another country will bring new opportunities and may provide many new facilities to help one’s dreams come true. Though, it is not as easy as it may seem to be. One of the first and most important challenges which an immigrant or foreign student is faced with is cultural shock. They encounter with people who think different and see world from different perspective, sometimes one word or action may have totally opposite meaning and they will end up in an unwanted quarrel. Also, leaving their countries in their twenties or thirties, people lose their network of families and friend and get separated from the emotional bonds they have always had. On the other hand, seeking a better educational environment or looking for a more convenient career, people tend to fantasize about a utopia which has never existed. This fantasy soon will vanish and reality pervadesprevails, and an otherwise safe haven will become a hell. However, there is also a bright side to immigrating or studying abroad. Having assessed all the aspects of living in a new country, from cultural views and social relations to daily life issues, like going to a grocery store or how to use the public transportation system, people will have a more realistic view towards their new home. Through socializing with other citizens and by being focused on their vision, over which they said farewell to their loved ones, immigrants and foreign students will ameliorate the circumstances and feel less homesick. To summarize, the challenges associated with moving to another country, either to live, to work, or to study, cannot be neglected. By losing their emotional support from their relatives and friends, it may be harder to cope with new conditions than it those which initially appeared and people will get homesick. On the contrary, having a clear outlook, embracing the opportunities ahead and being actively engaged in their goal, people will find the new home as sweet as their mother country.

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Nowadays, families are not as close as in the past and a lot of people have become used to this. Reason/effects on society In the contemporary life, we have witnessed some changes in comparison with the past. One of these changes is that the relationship between family members are not as close as in the past and little by little people are getting used to such a change. Some reasons are said to be responsible for this issue and obviously it has some considerable effects on society. Some changes in structure of families and the widely availability of different kinds of media are considered as why families tend to less communicate with each other less. In other words, in modern life, as a result of economic growth there are more small and nuclear families instead of extended families. So young family members have had the benefits of more freedom and mobility which allows them to leave their family and live independently. Also, in today´s world, people have been widely provided with various types of media such as television and social media which gradually prevent family members from communicating with each other. These changes have made weakened/undermined strong bonds of families to weaken. Unfortunately, children and youngsters in families in which members do not get along well with each other might experience some social problems. If younger family members do not get enough attention from their parents , they would feel enough emptiness in their life. Consequently, this may cause they them tomight try taking drugs/experiment with drugs. Moreover, children in such families would not be able to learn how to communicate properly. Being not a skilled enoughenough skilled communicator, children might loss lose great opportunities in the future like job and education. In conclusion, some reasons including the current trend toward nuclear families and excessive using of media are responsible for why families are not close compared with the past. This phenomenon has some consequences for people in particular children in the future.

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Some people think that only the government can make significant changes in society, while others think that individuals can have a lot of influence. What is your opinion? A number of citizens believe that just the administration is able to cause remarkable changes in society, whereas some others consider that folks could be significantly effective. In my opinion, both of these ideas can be true, it is very complicated because it is not just about politics, every great change in society is associated with many elements such as culture, economy, populations’ age range, religion and even history. When in society the majority of the population are young and educated, science has more value than religion, in other words, a rational union instead of irrational thus, we can say that individuals can have tremendous influence. Because youths have their life in front, they consider about future therefore, they intend to make big changes. Especially, in a logical community with democratic politics. On the other hand, communities with an old population that most of them whom have outage beliefs and ideas, nothing special could happen. In circumstances that the majority of inhabitants have no eagerness or they do not feel like needing any change.()جملھ فعل ندارد The government has the power to make the law, which gives a vast power to make changes in a good way or bad way. By the power of the law you can limit individual’s individuals’ activities or give them more opportunities. In the human histories we have a lot of politicians who made notable changes, Abraham Linkoln for instanced or Angela Merkel. However, it seems to me, for an effective change apart from the government that intends to happen the citizens must be ready for that change to or otherwise, it can be extremely difficult or take a long time. As a result, in society individuals and the government have their own influence, if their tendency to change is in the same aspect it will happen rapidly and will be lasting, otherwise it can lead to a conflict.

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Maedeh Mirazimi Zoos are significant places that serve human entertainment and people’s education about the wild animals. Some individuals claim that zoosthese facilities play an important role in protecting endangered species. However, I personally believe that the animals should have the right to live in their natural habitats. This essay will discuss both views. On the one hand, some people feel that zoos are useful for the following reasons. Firstly, they are regarded as safe places that keep the animals away from poachers. Furthermore, they preserve the animals away from the danger of extinction and habitat destruction by both offering breeding programs and providing an environment resembling their natural territory. In addition, people have an opportunity to become aware about the wild animals. On the other hand, most of the zoos are artificial environments that constrain an animal's natural life. As an example, some animals which live in social groups in the wild can notcannot adapt to a solitary life in enclosures places and cages. Besides, they suffer from cruelty at the hands of zookeepers and visitors who do not respect animalsthem. The reason for this is that the zoos' stuff staff mistreat them by providing insufficient food and medical care. To conclude, although some zoos may have positive effects on animals' conservation, overall I overally think holding animals behind the bars is cruel.

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In some countries, most people prefer to rent their homes rather than buying them. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of renting homes? Owning a home is in many cultures regarded as “the dream” for a family, or perhaps the main step towards stabilizing. However, This common belief has recently lost many of its advocates due to a number of reasons including changes in life styles. While purchasing a house seems clearly the right move to a large group of people, I hold the decision highly depends on many variables. On the one hand, it is true that buying a home brings both tangible and intangible benefits. As many believe this is a wise investment since homeowners can capitalize on the equity their property accumulates over time. In other words, as long as the housing market witnesses a steady rise, as it is the case in many parts of the world, the value of their homes will increase. In addition, fixed-rate mortgages and tax deductions, as its inherent benefits, give the ownership a distinct advantage. From the a less concrete point of view, purchasing a house seems a more sensible choice due to the sense of stability and belonging it often gives to its champions, leading to them fulfilling their lifelong ambition. On the other hand, many, these days, tend to swim against the current, and rent a home despite the old common rule of thumb. The flexibility associated with renting makes mainly younger generations invest their money in other areas and avoid making such a large purchase. In fact, changes in lifestyles including frequently switching jobs and the tendency to be more relocatable in their line of work has exerted a significant influence on investors while making the choice. What is more, renters are likely to enjoy more and better amenities such as full-service buildings and outdoor pools, and to be less concerned about maintenance and repairs. That is, as pleasant and rosy as the picture of ownership appears to many, it may not fit the modern life anymore. Moreover, purchasing may lead to buyer’s remorse since it may turn out to be an irrevocable step. In case the buyer is not satisfied with the new neighborhood, it might be too late to recoil, whereas the process would cause a renter far less trouble. In conclusion, as many aspects of the modern lifestyle no longer makes sense to previous generations, renting, which used to be highly valued, now seems like a wise choice. However, I believe the decision varies from person to another although one should take all the merits and demerits into consideration.

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The government wants to make investment to improve education. Which one of the following investments do you think is the best? 1.to hire more teachers to teach in small classes 2.preschool education before kindergarten 3.to provide some training courses so that teachers can be more professional No one can ever deny the significant role of governments on in improving education and the question of how they can improve it has been debated for many years. Two reasons persuade me to put forward that investing on in preschool education before kindergarten can give produce a beneficial result which I will explain with a couple of examples. At the outset, this function approach is less expensive than other ones because hiring more teachers and provide providing training courses for current teachers need a huge amount of money. Creating courses needs some professional individuals as a teacher which means/translates into that a lot of money. For example, it is extremely costly for developing countries to present offer child psychology and personality classes, because they did do not have an expert person on in their country, so they have to bring someone from abroad which is too risky in terms of security and costly. Another point is that children can learn various activities when they are in the first years of their life which would be beneficial for their future life that education is no exception. For instance, they can learn how to communicate with others before they going to school or in their plays in kindergarten and even they can learn how to cope with their problems which is conducive to being more independent pupils in future. Last but not least, by training children before they going to school, governments would have law-abiding citizens on in the future because children who do not reach the age of reason are less rebellious owing to the fact that they cannot distinguish between right and wrong, so they follow in their footsteps. For example, if people learn the road traffic laws on at atheir young age, they will be the appropriate drivers in the future. To recap, investing on in preschool education would be more practical because it has some advantageous points for governments and also the cost is trivial minimal/negligible compared to other selectionsoptions/choices and the noteworthy point is that children can learn pleasantly diverse functions when they are at in their first years of their life.

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Cambridge 14, test 2, task 1. The diagram illustrates how the electricity is produced in a hydroelectric power station. The hydroelectric power station is made up a dam behind which there is high-level reservoir. It also consists of a generator, reversible turbines, and low-level reservoir. Once river flows to dam, it collects behind the dam to make a high- level reservoir. Throughout day water goes to power station through intake which is closed during night. In power station , reversible turbines rotates by water left from intake. Then this water enters low- level reservoir. One of the functions of turbines is to operate generator over day times. The electricity produced by generator is transmitted to national grid by power lines. At night, the water gathered in low- level reservoir is pumped into high-level one by reversible turbines. Overall, this diagram explains how the power of water can be harnessed to generate electricity in efficient way that water is not wasted.

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TASK 2 It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children? In today’s world children’s behavioral treatment is becoming at the center of attention for many parents. Many questions remain about whether punishment at an early age is helpful in their learning period or not and also if it is useful, children can benefit from which kinds of punishment according to the rules! Some people believe that suitable punishment can positively affecteffect on children’s behavior specifically in their future life. What I am trying to say is, they will become more sociable in society and overcome all of their problems that they will be faced with , but it doesn’t mean parents can do any kinds of punishment towards their kids. For instance, when parents put some rules and restrictions for their children such as, they cannot play any computer games if they do not do well their homework. Another benefit of right punishment is, children automatically lead to doing their responsibilities better than usual and learn more about time management. However, other people have been claimed that punishment at early age not only adversely impacts on children’s mood, but also they will be more aggressive in the future. In fact, some parents in spite of the strict rules they still tend to do/administer wrong punishment. I this case, most of the young people’s violence is attributed to the wrong way of punishment in their early age, such as physical and mental abuse during their childhood. To sum up briefly, I think the first argument appears more logical and it is important to achieve a balance between the rules and the way of punishments. Parents play a vital role in their children’s behavioral treatment. Importantly, parents should find the best way to teach them their responsibilities and prepare them for the future life.

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Using animals to test the safety of cosmetics or drugs used for medical reasons is never acceptable. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Before any new product is put on the market whether it is a cosmetic product or potentially life saving medicine. Producers will want to make sure that they are safety for humans to use, . therefore, they test them on animals. Many people feel that this it is unacceptable to using use animals to test because it can show that animals’ life is less valuable than humans’ life. However, opponents of animal testing point out that animals involved often suffer a great pain and fear that they argue we do not have any right to do this with them for our benefits. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that animal testing has helped scientists in great discovers of different fields of medicines, they come at the cost of animals’ life, for examples, drugs against cancer, heart disease and fatal illnesses. I would agree that there may be animal testing to create new medicines, but, I would prefer to using use tests in at a minimum. Albeithowever, supporters of animals claim that there are variety various ways for of producing and testing medicines and cosmetics products that animals are never involved in at all such as, cell cultures. In conclusion, I believe that the emphasis has gone from ethics to materialism. Since, animals testing is an unacceptable way but it should be kept only for necessary scientific works.