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Undeniably, most of the people have experienced such complicated situations, in which they should have make a decision either to remain on a detrimental position or fight to achieve a better one. Sometimes it seems quite difficult to choose what to do. This essay will discuss both aspect of each decision. There are many people, who believe we should obey from what happens in our lives, even if it does not match with our perfect ideals; for instance, when a person is short of money because having a low-salary job it is not ideal for him to be always obsessed with buying a luxury car. Those people argue that, the only consequence of having such a mindset would be a stressful lifestyle and suffering. Instead, by accepting the current situation as a middle-class society member, he might suffer less, thereby he would moderate his needs based on his assets and not based on his expectations. In fact, they state accepting the reality would enhance your happiness. On the other hand, there are many who says, it is human nature to always want a better situation and to proceed constantly, because the need for improvement is one of our basic needs, without which we could not be satisfied with our lives. Besides, only when we believed our actions can influence our environment, we get the confidence to try new things even if they were not always accomplished successfully. For example, making efforts for getting a higher position in a profession would change your current situation from a sedentary lifestyle to a more dynamic one because one plays a role in his one’s destiny. In conclusion, I believe we must take our part to our development seriously. Although Constant effort and determination although sometimes may seem impossible in altering the situation, it is the only option we have to influence our own destination, so why we should not give it a chance? To put it simply, life is the matter of choice, in which everyone has a large proportion in his future.

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People nowadays sleep less than they used to in the past. What do you think is the reason behind this? What are the effects on individuals and people around them? Today, most of the people do not have enough time for sleeping and they have to compensate for the lack of sleep in the weekend. There are several factors that affect the sleep pattern in today’s modern society. One of them is work pressure that causes people to work long hours rather than the past which in turn reduces sleep hours. Moreover, some people have/work two or three jobs nowadays that makes it less relaxing. However, the type of work people do is also important. For instance, IT engineers work in addition to work at home to meet their project deadlines which affects their sleep hours. Furthermore, with the spread of cities, working distances have become longer than the past. Today, people spend more time getting to work. The traffic is the problem that affects the transportation time and causes people’s time to be wasted in streets and roads. However, technology has increased the speed of shipping and people use modern general transportation such as metro and trams to get to work. The scientists have reported that the suitable time for sleeping is 10 P.M which in turn leads to body rest enough. Also, the amount of rest time is between 6 and 9 hours in the day and at night and this issue varies among people. The poor sleep makes people unwell in the morning and brings about lack of causes they do not have sufficient concentration in their work. In addition, the amount of sleep has direct impact on the behavior of individuals and they become nervous easily. Not sleeping enough leads to loss of patience and the person gets irritated on minor issues. This makes relationships sour and breaks friendships./ build up a sleep debt In conclusion, I believe that work pressure and life style have been changed rather thancompared to the past and these factors affect sleep time and causes renders people become nervous.

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Tpo 47 first part – 256 words Both the lecturer and the author are talking about an ancient group of winged reptiles called pterosaurs and whether they were able to use their wings to fly or not. However, the speaker challenges the claims made by the author. First of all, the professor indicates that pterosaurs metabolism was not their flight restriction. Based on recent research their body was covered with fur and it shows that they were warm-blooded and were able to produce enough energy for flying. In contrast, the reading mentions that modern reptiles are cold-blooded and so do were the ancient pterosaurs and it means that they did not have enough energy to fly. Secondly, the lecturer claims that pterosaurs body mass was light despite the huge feature they had, due to the fact that their bones were hollow instead of solid, so they could handle their weight and were able to fly by flapping their wings. On the other hand, the author states that pterosaurs were as big as giraffes, so they were too big and heavy to fly. Last but not least, the speaker reckons that although pterosaurs were similar to birds, they were completely different. Because birds have two legs to push them off the ground and fly, but pterosaurs had four legs and all of them were used in jumping and running fast to help them fly. However, the reading cites that based on the remained remaining fossils, pterosaurs had got weak thin legs which could not bear their body weight in jumping and running fast to help them fly.

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Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation of committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Imposing predetermined penalties for an offender has been conducted traditionally by several judicial systems throughout the mankind's modern history. However, this form of retributive justice has gained great amount of criticism with the rise of human rights movements in the recent decades. For sure, any lawbreaking should be condemned by both the public and the officials, yet how the infliction of a punishment proceeds, raises serious discussions. Takeing murder for as an instance related to this subject, manslaughter and mass shooting as two of its examples. When a mentally ill individual unintentionally commits homicide, considering possible motives of his act, and then deciding on his punishment sounds more humanitarian. Although this by no way means remission of his misdoing, or deeming him as less culpable of his act, our human manner somehow persuades us to take the offender’s incentives into account. However, on the issue of mass shooting, a crime against humanity, thoughts of the both, the public and officials, become more solid and determined. Even though the mass shooter might suffer from mental health illnesses, just as the previous case discussed, it is tend to believe that any further remission on his misdemeanor is decriminalizing the situation and a disrespect to all of the victims of that act and their families. Rigid pre-assigned punishment has to be preferably charged for the offender.Giving my own opinion to conclude, this issue is far more subjective and complex that one unprofessional individual can assume. However, generally, I do believe that motives of a crime has to take place in the process of investigation, if it doesn't cause any further harm to the fellow victims of the crime..

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Banafsheh Some people say that it is possible to tell a lot about a person's culture and character from their choice of clothes. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Some people are of the opinion that it is conceivable to describe and recognize a person’s culture and character from their choice of clothing. I believe that the way of somebody’s dressing attire/garment tells a lot about them, although I do not totally agree with this viewpoint. Special dressing reveals so many things about the person’s character. For example, if you always wear a brand-new dress or luxury one, which is are extremely expensive, it shows that you care a lot about your appearance and chicness. Moreover, it symbolizes of money and wealth due to the fact it is feasible for you to recognize their culture and character according to many. Accordinglyhowever, by that scale, wearing expensive and classy dresses does not mean that you are amongst educated and respectable people’s category. On the other hand, I think wearing particular clothing can be a rule or law of a country that you have to obey in this regard. You should not judge and assess people’s personality and culture just by kind of their clothing. As a proof, I wear a scarf and manteau despite myself, or many women put on chador by force of their country’s law or their workplace’s. Hence, youcannot discern people’s culture and personage true nature by the choice of their clothing. In conclusion, as long as your style and the way of dressing manifest your character and personality, you can inaccurately surmise the civility of a person. Nevertheless, due to the basic rule in every country like ours you cannot predict a person’s character and culture by choice of their clothes with any certainty. Because of that, I partially agree with this issue.

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Developed countries have created many environmental problems in the world, particularly in their contribution to global warming. Why is global warming a problem? What can be done to reduce the dangers of global warming? Today, hardly a day goes by without hearing about the anthropogenic influences on the environment. Accordingly, global warming has accelerated since the humans have started polluting the atmosphere with fossil fuels and industrialization on a large scale. It should be saidsay, the warming phenomenon can gives rise to many detrimental consequences. First of all, global warming translates into sea rising levels resulted from melting glaciers and decay of the ice sheets on the oceans. Moreover, not only can this rising pose coastal settlements at the risk of submerging, but also it can lead to irreversible damages on to biodiversity such as destroying flora and fauna habitats, migration of native species like marine mammals, as a result of these climate changes. Taking everything into consideration, I personally opine that government, authorities and even every individual can ameliorate this situation threatening the whole planet which nobody knows how long it could able to lasting, so putting into action meticulously planned programs such as replacing fossil fuels with some safer alternatives like water, and solar energies, investing in these kinds of fuels, and also introducing efficient laws for factories to limit their environmental pollutions, and encouraging people to decrease overconsumption of plastic production, are crucial.

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agree or disagree People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Living an extremely social life, humans are involved with widely various activities which are not necessarily enjoyable, so apart from my opinion the sentence absolutely makes sense. This range of activities which are to be done unpleasingly not only covers some of our selective tasks but also some inevitable ones. First and foremost, we exist and we should obey the existential condition of our being, by which I mean, human beings are obliged to follow some inquiries of life. Survival activities, taking as an example, can be cited at the top of this list. Trying to remain alive to even contemplate on this topic, we all should breathe or eat, like it or not. As far as I am concerned, a considerable portion of time in human life is dedicated to these types of tasks, one-third of it to sleep for instance. Of course, it would be better if we could ignore it sometimes. Simply put, I do not revel of spending one third of my life in bed or even two hours a day before the dining tables but I have to do so. Generally, there is no way out of it for human beings inasmuch as lots of the other types of our activities are somehow an effort to meet those basic needs related to our existential conditions. By this other type, I mean selective activities which are ostensibly optional and creative. However, they are mainly about the first category, as I mentioned, like daily invented methods of fast cooking or working hard in order to just making make money or even to be concerned about the loss of trees and degradation the Ozone layer or trying to be nice with to every single unsociable member of your respective society. Suffice it to say, we should sometimes do things that we enjoy itthem! In a nutshell, people are inevitably doing things that they do not enjoy. Pessimistically, barely can we find an opportunity enabling us to be truthfully free to choose and feel the deep sense of pleasure of it. Optimistically, life itself is the opportunity. In any case, there are jobs that are to be done incontrovertibly;, of course, we can try to minimize this demanding condition.

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- Some people think an international car-free day is an effective way to reduce air pollution. Others think that there are more effective ways to do this. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. Cars can be considered as one of the most practical inventions of the past century. The practicality, however, comes at a price as problems such as air pollution, as a direct result of excessive use of cars, have become universal recently. To deal with air pollution, many consider and international car-free day to be of benefit. Others, however, are not so sure about the practicality of this idea. Many consider the main benefit of an international car-free day, apart from its contribution to less air pollution, to be in raising awareness, hence the importance of this day. It may seem that just one day without the car would not contribute much to mitigate mitigating the environmental pollution. However, it will acquaint people with the positive effects of using fewer cars on air pollution. This and the sense that people are participating in an effective universal movements will eventually lead to more car-free days and will change the viewpoint in society regarding how much we should use our cars for daily commute. On the other hand, there are is skepticism around the practicality of this idea. Many believe that such movements are part of attempts to redeem our conscience. These days may give us the false impression that we are taking adequate actions to improve the situation without changing our attitudes towards this phenomenon. What would be the advantages of such a day if we used our cars excessively every other day? Environmental activities require determination and the will to spend money. Without these factors, the benefits of such movements are hard to quantify. To conclude, it seems that incorporating such awareness movements with other practical methods would be the best way to tackle air pollution.

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Many companies sell products or services but at the same time cause environmental damage. Someone said it can be stopped by pay penalty. Such as a higher tax when they cause environmental damage. Others said there are better ways to stop them from harming the environment. What do you think is the best way to prevent the environment from deteriorating? There has been a heated debate over environmental damages. In fact, climate changes and environmental problems have made everybody concerned about the future of Earth. I personally believe that money cannot make up for the harms we do to nature. In the following paragraphs, I will elaborate on my arguments. To begin with, without a doubt, most of the blame lies with companies, so they have to change their approaches. Experts believe that the first step they should take is increasing their electricity efficiency. That is to say, producing electricity takes too much fuel which ends up with greenhouse gases. As a result, should they improve their electricity system, their emission will be decreased. Besides, they should apply renewable resources in order to reduce water and air pollution, because the factories dump their waste into the rivers contaminating water and harming the food chain. Second, legislation should be introduced to compel the factories to recycle their waste. This action is a win-win situation. To put it simply, recycling the wastes can prevent damages to the environment alongside cutting their costs. However, it should be considered that the amount of companies’ production depends on consumers’ demands. In other words, I admit that having adopted consumerism approach, we, customers, have a direct impact on the environmental crisis. Consequently, we should reduce our demands for goods and not be trapped in advertisements encouraging to overbuy. To make a long story short, I opine that fees cannot be applied as a long-term answer to this problem. Protecting nature is a social responsibility which we all should exercise and take concrete steps to ameliorate it. These steps include from not using plastic for shopping to replacing fossil fuels with natural counterparts. Above all, we have to teach our children that they have to play their role in this crisis, thereby guaranteeing the future of this planet.

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It is expected in the near future that there will be a higher proportion of old people compared to younger population in some countries. Is it a positive or negative development? Give your opinion and examples. While a shift in the distribution of the world’s population, known as population aging, is happing, there is a clear disparity between two groups to whether view this as a positive trend. The instinct for self-preservation is the strongest we possess. Imagine a world without death. It is only the most appealing dream for men, eternity. A life you never feel “it is time to go”, nor do you fear to lose your loved ones. However, as mesmerizing as the scene may appear, it will wither momentarily since this may come at a price for both individuals and society. At the individual level, a longer life is often tantamount to biological changes among which various disorders such as hyper-pressure, cardiovascular disease and senile dementia. As the sand goes in the glass, one’s body and mind start to lose their power, functioning far worse than they used to. For society, it has been always a taxing task for governments to protect the elderly. Vulnerable to various diseases, unable to work and meet their expenses and even incapable of running their own lives, senior citizens are considered by many to be a massive burden on governments’ shoulder. However, there are benefits brought about by the elder generations which a community would enjoy. From the wisdom they can bring to the expertise they can provide, albeit perhaps too old to change their own lives, older people are now to make an enormous contribution to the other generations and therefore their society. Human history is replete with key scientific and artistic figures without whom no one knows what the world would have come to by now. If only our global society could have enjoyed their existence more. Akira Kurosawa, as an outstanding example, managed to create the majority of his masterpieces in his 70s and 80s. Moreover, experiencing the late decades of life should not necessarily mean the end of the world. It is only the time to rejoice at the knowledge, fortune and respect one has gained so far in one’s life. Beyond its biological problems, aging is associated with more time to spend with whom you love, visit where you have always dreamed to be toin, and pursue activities which you never have had the time for. To conclude, aging may, on the surface, seem to cause disadvantages to individuals and society, but to me, the silver lining is far more brilliant.